What are the three basic components of threat and error management (TEM)?

The three basic components of threat and error management (TEM) are threats, errors, and undesired aircraft states. This framework is designed to help pilots identify and mitigate threats that could lead to errors during flight operations.

Threats refer to external factors that could impact safe operations, such as weather conditions, air traffic, or system malfunctions. Recognizing these threats allows pilots to anticipate potential challenges in their flight environment.

Errors are the mistakes made by pilots or crew members, which can occur due to various reasons such as miscommunication, procedural lapses, or lapses in attention. By understanding and addressing these errors, pilots can work towards minimizing their occurrences and consequences.

Undesired aircraft states are any situations where the aircraft is not in a desired or controlled condition. This could involve issues such as altitude deviations or uncommanded yaw. Addressing these undesired states is crucial for returning the aircraft to a safe operational state.

Together, these components form an integrated approach to enhancing safety in aviation by promoting awareness and proactive management of the factors that can affect flight performance.